Njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula yonke intshi yobuso boMhlaba, isintu sihlala sicabanga ngendlela yokusebenzisa lesi sipho sendawo yonke ngempumelelo enkulu. Amaseli elanga ami njengezimoto ezibalulekile zokufeza lo mgomo. Phakathi kwezinto eziningi ze-photovoltaic, umuntu omusha ogama lakhe lingu-'perovskite' uye waduma kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngokushesha waba 'umdlali ovelele' ofunwa kakhulu embonini yelanga yomhlaba wonke. Amandla ayo okuvuselela igagasi elisha lobuchwepheshe ancike esicini esibalulekile: igebe layo elingcono kakhulu le-1.5 eV.

I. Perovskite: Igama Elizwakala Kakhulu, Kodwa Eliyisenzo Sesikhathi Esizayo

Ungadukiswa yileli gama elizwakala njengeliyinsimbi. Nakuba i-perovskite yangempela (i-CaTiO₃) iyiminerali etholakale eziNtabeni zase-Ural ngekhulu le-19, igama elithi 'perovskite' manje elixoxwa kabanzi emphakathini we-photovoltaic alisabhekiseli kukristalu ethile. Esikhundleni salokho, lisho umndeni wezinto ezabelana ngohlaka lwesakhiwo se-ABX₃.

Lesi sakhiwo singacatshangwa njengohlelo 'lwesakhiwo se-modular':

• Indawo: Izindawo ezinkulu (isb., MA, FA, Cs)
• Indawo B: Ama-cation ensimbi (isb., Pb, Sn)
• Indawo ye-X: Ama-anion e-Halide (isb., I, Br, Cl)

Noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu kuveza izikhala ezihlukile kanye nokuzinza, okwenza kube 'ukuhlanganiswa okukhululekile' komhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo.

Okuphawuleka kakhulu ama-perovskite e-organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Selokhu ithimba likaMiyasaka laqala ukubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwe-photovoltaic ngo-2009, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kukhuphuke kusuka ku-3.8% kuya ngaphezu kuka-26% njengoba kubhalwe yi-NREL, ngamaseli e-tandem adlula umkhawulo ongu-30%.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukwenziwa kwazo kuncane, kushibhile, futhi kuqondile, akudingi ukushiswa okushisa okuphezulu noma izindawo ezihlanzekile kakhulu, okwenza zibe sezingeni eliphezulu lezimboni.

Ngenxa yalokho, zibhekwa 'njengobuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic besizukulwane sesithathu' obulandela amaseli e-silicon.

II. Kungani i-1.5 eV ibizwa ngokuthi 'igebe legolide' lokumuncwa kwelanga?

Ukukhanya kwelanga kufana 'nempophoma yamandla okukhanya' eyakhiwe ama-photon anamandla ahlukahlukene. Umsebenzi wamaseli elanga ukusebenzisa la ma-photon ukuvusa ama-electron nokukhiqiza ugesi. Kodwa-ke, uma igebe lingaphandle kwebanga elifanele, amandla ayachithwa.

Uma isikhala sebhendi sikhulu kakhulu (> 2 eV):

Ukukhanya okubomvu nokwe-infrared akunawo amandla anele, kudlula ngqo ezintweni futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa kokukhanya.

Uma isikhala sebhendi sincane kakhulu (< 1 eV),

amandla amaningi avela kuma-photon anamandla aphezulu ayanyamalala njengokushisa, okubangela ukulahlekelwa ukushisa.

Akukho okudlulele okufanele.

Ososayensi balinganisele ngokwemfundiso ukuthi

igebe elicishe libe ngu-1.34–1.5 eV likhulisa ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kanye nokulahlekelwa ukushisa, okwenza 'indawo emnandi' efanelekile yamaseli elanga.

Kulesi sikhala, umkhawulo ophezulu we-photovoltaic efficiency (Shockley–Queisser Limit) ungadlula u-33%.

Impahla ephawulekayo yezinto ze-perovskite ilele ekhonweni lazo lokulungisa igebe le-band ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa kwezakhi okulula:

Ukufaka i-Pb esikhundleni se-Sn kunciphisa igebe

Ukulungisa ama-halogens (I → Br → Cl) kwandisa igebe

Ukuhlanganisa ama-FA/MA/Cs kulungisa kahle amazinga okuzinza kwekristalu kanye namandla

Isibonelo, i-MAPbI₃ yezinto eziyinhloko inesikhala se-bandgap esingaba ngu-1.55 eV. Ukwethula i-Sn noma i-FA kulungisa lokhu kube yi-1.35–1.4 eV—kusondele kakhulu kulokho okushiwoyo—okwenza isakhiwo sayo se-band sicishe senzelwe ukukhanya kwelanga.

III. I-Perovskite: Ngaphandle Kokusebenza Okumangalisayo, Ukusetshenziswa Kwayo Kuphikisana Nokucabanga

Amandla ePerovskite adlulela ngale kokusebenza kahle kuya ekuqineni kwayo okumangalisayo:

• Ingakhiwa ibe yingilazi yelanga esobala
• Kwenziwe amafilimu aguquguqukayo okwakha ama-facade
• Kuhlanganiswe kumadivayisi agqokwayo kanye ne-electronics encane
• Kuhlanganiswe ne-silicon kumaseli ahlangene ukuze kunqotshwe izinkinga zokusebenza kahle

Ngo-2025, iShayina yasungula ipaki yokuqala emhlabeni yokubonisa ugesi oluhlaza we-perovskite. Izikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo ziyaqhubeka nokuphula amarekhodi okusebenza kahle, okubonisa ukuguquka okusheshayo kwalolu buchwepheshe kusuka elabhorethri kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.

Nakuba ukuzinza, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kuseyinselele, i-perovskite ngokungenakuphikwa isibe yindawo ebalulekile yokuncintisana kobuchwepheshe bamandla emhlabeni jikelele.

IV. 1.5 eV Ivula Umnyango Oya Enkathini Entsha

Esikhathini esizayo, ungase ubone:

Amafasitela akhiqiza ugesi abonakala kalula acwebe njengengilazi

Amafilimu e-photovoltaic amancane kakhulu alula njengezitikha

Izindwangu zelanga eziguquguqukayo nezithambile njengendwangu

Uphahla, izindonga, ngisho nezimbobo zikagesi 'zimunca ukukhanya buthule ukuze zikhiqize ugesi'

Lezi zimo ezibonakala njengezenganekwane zesayensi zonke zivela kuleyo bandgap ephelele ye-1.5 eV kanye nezinzuzo zesakhiwo sezinto ze-perovskite eziguquguqukayo nezilungisekayo.

Lolu guquko lwe-photovoltaic, olubangelwe “yiphuzu legolide” le-bandgap, seluqalile buthule phakathi kwegagasi lokuguqulwa kwamandla.