Indlu yesitsha selanga itholakala endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona izindlu ezihlukile, amandla avuselelekayo, kanye nomthetho wokwakha wendawo. Nakhu abantu abaningi abafuna ukukwazi: Yiziphi izifundazwe zase-US ezivumela izindlu zesitsha? Impendulo eyiqiniso ayimayelana nohlu lwezifundazwe oluthi yebo-noma-cha kodwa imayelana nendlela imithetho yokwakha eyamukelwa futhi iphoqelelwa ngayo. Uma usuqonda leso sakhiwo, izinto ziyacaca kakhulu.

E-United States, akukho mthetho kahulumeni ofanayo ovumela noma ovimbela izindlu zamakhonteyina. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuba semthethweni kuvela ekuvumelaneni kwabaxhasi bekhodi yokwakha imodeli, ukwamukelwa kwezinga likahulumeni, kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwendawo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekhaya lamakhonteyina elanga, njengoba kufanele lihambisane nezidingo zekhodi yesakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zalo zikagesi.

Kungani ukuba semthethweni kwezindlu zamakhonteyina kunganqunywa ezingeni likahulumeni

Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu e-United States ngokuvamile kulawulwa ezingeni lesifundazwe nelendawo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni azikhiphi izimvume zokwakha izindawo zokuhlala, futhi azivumeli izinhlobo ezithile zezindlu. Esikhundleni salokho, ziyasiza ekwakheni amazinga okuphepha kanye nokumelana nezinhlekelele ngokusebenzisa amakhodi emodeli kanye nokulandelela ukwamukelwa.

Lokho kusho ukuthi ayikho inhlangano kahulumeni eshicilela uhlu "lwezifundazwe ezivunyelwe izindlu zezitsha." Esikhundleni salokho, izifundazwe eziningi zithembele kumakhodi emodeli ajwayelekile achaza ukuthi izakhiwo ezingavamile, okuhlanganisa nezitsha zokuthumela, zingasetshenziswa kanjani ngokusemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka Kwekhodi Yokwakha Yomhlaba Wonke

Isisekelo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe bezindlu zamakhonteyina kuzoba yiKhodi Yokwakha Yamazwe Ngamazwe. Le khodi izokhiqizwa futhi ibuyekezwe ngunjiniyela wezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ongenzi nzuzo obizwa ngokuthi yi-International Code Council, omisebenzi yakhe ihlinzeka ngezidingo ezincane zamakhodi okwakha kulo lonke elaseMelika.

Incazelo yokuthi izitsha zokuthutha eziphakathi kwezindawo zingasetshenziswa noma zingasetshenziswa kanjani ekwakheni isakhiwo iqukethwe embhalweni we-International Code Council. Isigaba 3115 seKhodi Yokwakha Yomhlaba Wonke ka-2021Ngokuqaphela isitsha sokuthumela njengohlelo lokwakha olulawulwayo kunesakhiwo esenziwe ngokungemthetho, imvume yokusetshenziswa manje ingenziwa lula ngomthethonqubo noma imvume yesifundazwe noma i-ejensi yendawo ethintekile, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo ezinjalo zesitsha ngaphansi kwezindlela ezichazwe zezindlela zobunjiniyela kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezimisiwe.

Lokhu kubalulekile endlini yezitsha ezisebenzisa amandla elanga noma yendabuko ngoba lezi zinhlinzeko yilokho abahloli nabahloli bezinhlelo abakusebenzisayo ukunquma imvume. Uma indawo yokulawula isamukele i-IBC futhi iphoqelela isigaba 3115, akusho ukuthi indlu yezitsha ayivunyelwe. Zihlolwa njenganoma yisiphi esinye isakhiwo esenziwe ngobunjiniyela.

Indlela Ukwamukelwa Kwesifundazwe Okunquma Ngayo Okuvunyelwe

Ngenani elikhulu, iningi lamazwe aseMelika lisebenzisa inguqulo eguquliwe yeKhodi Yokwakha Yomhlaba Wonke noma iyonke. Uma seyamukelwe, le khodi iba amandla omthetho abophezelayo kulelo zwe.

Ezifundeni lapho i-IBC yamukelwe khona, izindlu zamakhonteyina ziyavunyelwa uma nje zihlangabezana nezimfuneko zekhodi kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Lapho i-IBC ingakamukelwa, ukuthola imvume kungaba yinselele futhi kungafunwa ngokuvunyelwa ngokwezifiso.

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency inikeza umbiko ophelele ngenqubo yokwamukelwa kwamakhodi okwakha ezingeni likazwelonke. Ngokusekelwe kumadokhumenti anikezwe ku Ukulandelela Ukwamukelwa Kwekhodi Yokwakha, kunobufakazi bokwamukelwa nokuqaliswa kwenqubo yokusetshenziswa kweKhodi Yokwakha Yomhlaba Wonke ezindinganisweni zayo zokwakha ezingeni likazwelonke. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi iningi lamazwe ase-United States lamukele amakhodi afanele okwakhiwa okusekelwe ezitsheni.

Ngokombono wezomthetho, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izindlu zamakhonteyina azisatholakali kwamanye amazwe ambalwa athuthukayo. Kunalokho, zinamandla okuvunyelwa emazweni amaningi anemithetho yokwakha ejwayelekile.

Izifundazwe vs. Izifundazwe Zendawo: Lapho Ukuvunyelwa Kwenzeka Khona

Ngisho nasezifundazweni lapho i-IBC yamukelwa khona, imvume yokwakha ivame ukukhishwa ezingeni ledolobha noma lesifunda. Yilapho eminye imibono eyiphutha evamile iqala khona.

Umbuso ungavumela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlu zamakhonteyina ngokusekelwe kukhodi yokwakha eyamukelwe, futhi imithethonqubo yokuhlela ingahluka ngokuqondene nendawo yezindlu zamakhonteyina. Amadolobha athile abeka imithethonqubo ngobukhulu obuncane, ubuhle, kanye nohlobo lwesisekelo sezindlu. Le mithethonqubo ingathinta ngokungaqondile izindlu zamakhonteyina.

Ngokuphathelene nekhaya lesitsha esisebenza ngamandla elanga, kunezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele njengekhodi kagesi, izidingo zokuxhuma, kanye nezithiyo ezingase zisebenze. Akukho kulokhu okwenza ukwakhiwa kwezitsha kungasebenzi; kunquma kuphela ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe kanjani noma kungenziwa kanjani.

Lokho Okushiwo "Ukuvunyelwa" Empeleni Ekuziphatheni

Lapho abantu abaningi bebhekisela kuziphi izifundazwe ezivumela izindlu zezitsha, empeleni babhekisela kwenye yezinto ezintathu.

Okokuqala, ukuthi izindlu zamakhonteyina ziyaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni yini njengendlela yokwakha evumelekile. Ezifundazweni ezamukela i-IBC, impendulo ngokuvamile inguyebo.

Okwesibili, ukuthi izimvume ziyanikezwa njalo yini kuwumphumela wokujwayelana kwendawo kanye nesiko lokuphoqelela, hhayi nje umthetho wesifundazwe.

Okwesithathu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiklamo engaphandle kwegridi noma ehlanganiswe yilanga iyavunyelwa. Izinhlelo zelanga zilawulwa ngokwehlukana, kodwa zamukelwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwamakhodi kagesi namandla ezifundazweni eziningi.

Indlu yezitsha eziyikhaya elisebenzisa amandla elanga elihlangabezana nezidingo zesakhiwo ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-IBC kanye nogesi zezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ngokuvamile ingabhekwa njengendlu evamile ngezinjongo zomthetho.

Kungani Amanye Amazwe Ebonakala Engcono Kakhulu "Friendly" Kunabanye

Kunezifundazwe ezibhekwa njengeziyamukela kangcono umqondo wezindlu zamakhonteyina. Lo mbono ungase uvele emithethweni elula evumelayo, efinyeleleka kalula, noma ekusetshenzisweni okuphumelelayo kakhudlwana, kodwa hhayi ngempela ohlelweni oluhlukile lwemithetho.

Amazwe amukela ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokwakha yesimanje azoba ngcono kulabo abafisa ukwakha izindlu zamakhonteyina. Ezindaweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho sekuphelelwe yisikhathi, inqubo yokuthola imvume iba yinto ekhethwayo.

Idatha yokwamukelwa kwamakhodi avela ku-FEMA isiza ekucaciseni izizathu zezikhala zokwamukelwa ekusabalaleni kwamakhodi amasha ezweni uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo amukelwe kancane. Ngandlela thile, isici esibalulekile sesifundazwe noma indawo ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zesimo sezulu.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele: Indlela Yokuhlela Ikhaya Lesikhongozeli Selanga

Uma uhlola ukuthi ngabe umbuso wakho uyakuvumela yini ukuthi isitsha singene ekhaya, umbuzo ofanele awusiwo othi “Ingabe kusemthethweni lapha?” kodwa uthi “Yimaphi amakhodi asetshenziswayo, futhi aqiniswa kanjani endaweni?”

Qala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isifundazwe sakho sesamukele iKhodi Yokwakha Yomhlaba Wonke. Bese uhlola ukuthi indawo yakho yasendaweni iyawusebenzisa yini uMthetho 3115 noma isigaba esifanayo. Ukusuka lapho, ukuklanywa kwezindawo, ukuhlela indawo kanye nokuvumela ilanga kuba yizinto ezibalulekile.

Iningi lezithiyo livezwa ukuntuleka kokuvinjelwa kwezindlu zamakhonteyina, ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle ukuthi izakhiwo ezingavamile zingena kanjani ohlelweni lokulawula lwamanje.

Isiphetho: Indlela Yokuqhubekela Phambili Ngokuzethemba

A ikhaya lesitsha selanga kusemthethweni emazweni amaningi e-US kunalokho umuntu angakukholelwa. Ukusebenzisa i-International Building Code ezingeni elibanzi kwenza kube lula ukukhombisa indlela yokwamukela amakhodi, futhi ukulandelela kukahulumeni kukhombisa ukuthi izifundazwe ikakhulukazi zamukela amakhodi njengekhodi yokwakha yezakhiwo zokuhlala.

Izinyathelo ezilandelayo, ezingenziwa njalo endaweni, zizohlala zifaka phakathi ukuqinisekiswa kokwamukelwa kwekhodi, imithethonqubo yokuhlela indawo, kanye nokusekelwa kwabantu abaziyo ukuthi izakhiwo zamakhonteyina zihunyushwa kanjani kukhodi ye-IBC. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izindlu zamakhonteyina ziba ngokoqobo.